Grade 11 Biology

By the end of this section you should be able to:

 Define science as a way of knowledge

 and explain it as a way of looking at and

 thinking about natural events.

• Describe and explain the main steps

that scientists follow when they are

investigating something.

• Demonstrate scientific methods by

narrating how Louis Pasteur and Alexander

Fleming used the scientific method to

solve problems.

• Plan and conduct an experiment to

investigate a particular observation.

• Write a report for a scientific experiment.

• Name and describe the function of

 the main pieces of apparatus that are

 used by biologists the world over.

• Describe how these pieces of

apparatus work.

• Explain how, and under what

circumstances, these pieces of apparatus

would be used and demonstrate the use of some of them.

• Classify the apparatus as laboratory

tools, field tools or both.

• Be aware of possible health and safety

implications of using these tools

• Explain how biological science is

relevant to food production, health and

disease, conservation, and control of the

population.

 • Explain the promise of biology in relation to genetic engineering and biotechnology.

Explain how biologists are actively

 involved in the fight against AIDS.

 • Describe how you can help

community efforts to control AIDS.

• Describe the decisions you will

need to take to help control AIDS.

By the end of this section you should be able to:

• Group biochemical molecules as inorganic

 and organic.

 • Explain which chemical elements are

 found most often in biological molecules.

 • Describe the properties of water.

• Explain the importance of water to living

organisms. 

• List and describe the structures of organic

 molecules in living things and state their

 functions.

• Show the structures and functions of

biological molecules using chemical

formulae and examples.

• Identify biologically important compounds

by conducting simple food tests.

• Appreciate how biological molecules are

obtained from different foods.

By the end of this section you should be able to:

• Define enzymes and explain the properties

 of enzymes.  • Explain how enzymes are named and then

classify them according to their structure. • Conduct an experiment to show the

specificity of an enzyme. • Appreciate the importance of enzymes in

industries and local products.

• Explain how enzymes lower activation  energy.  • Explain the mechanism of enzyme action. • Discuss the action of apo- and coenzymes. • Give examples of vitamins and minerals in

food that act as cofactors.

• Explain factors that affect enzyme

 activity.  • Investigate the destruction of an enzyme

 by heat. ) • Show how temperature, pH, substrate

concentration and enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity. • Explain allosteric regulation and feedback

control mechanism of enzyme activity. • Appreciate the role of enzymes in

controlling our metabolic activities.

By the end of this section you should be able to:

• Tell the history of cell biology. • Describe cell theory and investigate the

size, structure and shape of cells. • State the basic functions of cells. • Appreciate that all life on Earth originates from cells

• Appreciate that there are just two basic types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic  cells. • Give examples and describe the basic

structure of each type. • Explain the difference between prokaryotic

and eukaryotic cells.

 • Discuss the importance of a cell membrane.

• Describe the composition and arrangement of lipids and proteins in the membrane. • Compare the Davson–Danielli and fluid

mosaic models. • Construct and show the arrangement of

the phospholipids and proteins in the fluid

mosaic model. • Explain the role of glycoprotein and other

components in the cell membrane. • Name the different parts of the cell and

explain their functions. • State and explain the mechanisms

of substance transport across a cell

membrane. • Conduct an experiment to show movement

of solvent through a semi-permeable

membrane. • Demonstrate osmosis at a semi-permeable

membrane. • Explain that the size of a cell changes by

osmosis because of the inflow and outflow

of water. • Appreciate that osmosis is responsible for

everyday life phenomena.

By the end of this section you should be able to:

 • Describe the structure of ATP and its role in cellular metabolism. • Explain how ATP is adapted to its role as an energy transfer

molecule within a cell. • Describe how ATP is produced in a cell. • Locate where the different processes of cellular respiration occur in the cell. • Explain the role of electron donors and acceptors. • Describe in detail each stage of aerobic respiration. • Draw and label the structure of a mitochondrion. • Explain the processes of alcoholic fermentation and lactate

production. • Appreciate the importance of lactate production during running

and other sports. • Summarise the metabolism of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids.

• Draw, label and describe a chloroplast.

 • Locate where light-dependent and -independent processes occur in  the chloroplast.photosynthesis? • Name the products of the light-dependent and -independent  processes. • Explain how the structure of a photosystem is related to its

function. • Explain what is meant by a photosynthetic unit. • Describe how glucose is synthesised in the light-independent

reactions of photosynthesis. • Describe the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis and

explain why they affect the rate. • Separate photosynthetic pigments by paper chromatography. • Explain photorespiration and how it is related to higher temperatures. • Distinguish between C3 and C4 plants and give at least three examples of each. • Appreciate the importance of C4 plants in Ethiopia. • Describe the CAM photosynthetic pathway and explain why this

brings added benefits to plants living in desert conditions.