Grade 8 Social Study Animated Illustrations

Continents

A. Relative location and size of the continents

- Continents and islands make up 29% of the surface area of the earth . where as ocean and smaller water bodies cover about 71% of the Earths surface . - Out of the seven continents five are interconnected .on the other hand ,Antarctica and Australia are surrounded by water .

- North America and south America are connected by narrow strip of land called the isthmus of panama.

- Africa is also connected to Asia at the isthmus of Suez.

- Isthmus: is a narrow strip of land that connects two large landmasses.

- Peninsula : It is the land area that projects into body of water .

Major features of the Continents

- Asia : is the largest continent in our World .with 44,810,880km2 .

- Mt .Everest (8850m)is the highest mountain in the continent as well as in the world.

- Caspian Sea is the largest lake in the Continent with 371,088km2 as well as in the world.

- Chang –Jiang (Yangtze ) river is the longest river in the continent with 2461km.

Africa:- is the second largest continent in our world with 30,331,606 Km2 Mount Kilimanjaro (5896m) is the highest mountain in the continent Lake victoria is the largest river in the continent with 96,500 km2 (show image of lake victoria and locate it on the map)

Nile river is the longest river in the continent as well as in the world with 6695km.

North America: is the third largest continent in the world with 24,367,875 km 2

Mount Mckinley (6195m) is the highest mountain on the continent. Lake superior is the largest lake in the continent with 82,435 Km2. (show image of lake superior and locate it on the map.)

Mississippi river is the longest river in the continent with 2483km

South America :- is the fourth largest continent in the world with 17,831,606 km2.

Mount Cerro Aconcagua (6977m) is the highest mountain on the continent.

Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in the continent with 8303Km2.

Amazon is the longest river in the continent with 2483km

Antarctica:-is the fifth largest continent in the world with 14,002,590 Km2.

Mount Vinson Massif (5141m) is the highest mountain in the continent.

Europe:- is the sixth largest continent in the world with 9,935,233km2.

Mount Elbrus (5643m) is the highest mountain on the continent Lake Ladoga is the largest lake in the continent with 1873Km2.

Volga river is the longest river in the continent with 1361 km

Australia:- is the seventh and least largest continent in the world with 8,289,000 Km2. Mount Kosciusko (2228m) is the highest mountain in the continent Lake Taupo is the largest lake in the continent with 606km2.

Darling river is the longest river in the continent with 1055km. 

Major world languages

• Language is human speech, either spoken or written.

• The world language is derived from Latin term “Lingua” meaning tongue.

• According to linguists, there are about 6000 languages spoken in the world.

• Some of the major languages used in the world include mandarin, English, French, Spanish, Russian and Arabic.

 Mandarin: is an official language of china. This language is spoken by about 600 million people. • English: is the most widely spoken language in the world English speakers live in Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, and New Zeeland, South Africa and in the United States of America.

Now days English is used as an international language in science and technology. It is also used in business and diplomacy all over the world.

• French: is the official language in France.

It serves as an official language in Belgium, Canada, Haiti, Luxemburg and Switzerland. It is one of the major languages in United Nations.

Over 90 million people use French language in the world.

• Spanish: is the official language in Spain. It is also used as an official language in most Latin-American countries.

Throughout the world about 297 million people speak Spanish.

• Russia: is an official language of Russia.

Native speaker of the language account for about 153 Million. Russian is the third widely spoken language in Europe.

• Arabic: is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. It is an official language of many Arab countries in the Middle East and North Africa such as Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria. 

Ancient world civilization

Ancient Greece

- Ancient Greece was the birth place of western civilization

- The Greece civilization developed mainly in city-states.

- A city-state: is consisted of a city or town and the surrounding villages and farm lands. The Greece city-states were called polis.

- Athens and Sparta were well known city-states. - Ancient Greece made great achievements in architecture, pottery and sculpture.

Ancient Rome

- The first people of Rome were called Latin. About 500BC, the people of Rome established the Roman Republic.

- The leaders of the republic were called Consuls.

- By 270BC, Rome was the most militaristic state of the ancient world. Julius Cesar was the famous military leader.

- The Romans had made a great contribution in architecture, road construction and adopting laws.

Ancient China

- The first civilization in china got its birth along the yellow river.

- The Shang dynasty was the earliest to rule china since 1700BC.

- The early Chinese used pictorial writing called Logographic.

- The Chou people of western china overthrew the Shang and established their own dynasty.

- During the period of the Chou dynasty, the Chinese philosophy had emerged. The greatest of Chinese philosopher was Confucius. His ideas were called Confucianism.

- The ancient people of China are well known by the Great Wall of China.

- In addition they have made contribution in using wheel barrow, silk, printing and gun powder. Persia

- Ancient Persia was a land that included parts of present day Iran and Afghanistan.

- The Persian called their country land of the Aryans, from which the name Iran is derived.

- Early Persians were farmers; with the help of irrigation they grew different crops and vegetables.

- The Persian religion was called Zoroastrianism. 

Population distribution and livelihood

• Sparsely populated areas

o The cold as well as hot lands of the world has scanty population. These areas include: tundra and hot and dry lands.

• Tundra: the tundra is a low land area bordering the Arctic Ocean in North America and Eurasia.

o Tundra is continuously cold, damp, treeless plain of Arctic region.

• Hot and Dry lands: this include many of the tropical desert areas such as the Sahara, Kalahari, Thar, the Atacama, the Great Australian and Arabian deserts.

-Sahara—Kalahari—Thar

-Atacama—Great Australian desert and

-Arabian desert

• Densely populated areas

Areas of high population concentration include: River basins of Monsoon Asia and the Nile Valley of Africa.

• River Basins of Monsoon Asia: it accounts for more than half of the world’s total population.

In these areas, people practice intensive rice cultivation being supported by irrigation.

• The Nile Valley of Africa: it has abundant alluvial soil deposits.

People in these areas are well known for both traditional and modern irrigation systems. They are used to growing varied types of crops. Because of the favorable condition along the Nile valley, large number of people are found.

Livelihood in Different parts of the world

The livelihood in different parts of the world includes the following:

Agriculture

• Agriculture is the most ancient form of livelihood of human kind.

• Agriculture land is like wise the most fundamental of the world’s resource.

• Agriculture activities has paved the way for industrialization of many states

Manufacturing

• The processing of raw materials and the assembling of components of more complex products are both termed as manufacturing.

• Manufacturing is the second type of livelihood next to agriculture and it is an important aspect of modern civilization.

• Since the industrial revolution it has become a major part of economic life in developed areas. Transportation and Trade Transportation: • Transportation involves the movement of people or goods from one place to another. The several types of transportation systems (rail way, highway, ship, aircraft, pipeline) plus the media of mass communication (telephone, telegraph, radio, television, email, internet, and postal system) together provide the circulation which is essential to modern society.

• Transportation and communication sector is very wide. As a result, very large number of people are making their livelihood by engaging themselves in one of these sectors all over the world.

Trade: • trade or commerce exists because of the desire of the individuals and having different goods for exchange. There are two forms of trade. Trade that crosses international boundary (foreign trade) and trade which takes place with in countries (domestic trade)

• once again, many people in the world are making their living by involving themselves either in domestic trade or foreign trade.

Major Religions of the world

Judaism: is the religion of the Jews or Israelites.

• It is the oldest religion in the world. Judaism teaches belief in one God.

• The teachings of Judaism is based on the first five books of the Bible known as Torah.

Hinduism: is the major religion of India.

• It is one of the oldest living religions in the world. Hinduism has no single book of doctrine. It teaches that the soul never dies. When the body dies, the soul is reborn. This continuous process of rebirth is called reincarnation. Buddhism: it was founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama in about 500BC.

• His followers called him Buddha, which means the enlightened one. According to Buddha, life was continuous process of death and rebirth. He opposed the Hindu worship of many goods.

• Buddhism spread to china, japan , korea, Cambodia, laos, Myanamar, Thiland and Vietnam. It has also large number of followers in Tibet, Nepal, Sir-lanka and Monolia.

Shintoism: is the oldest living religion of japan. • The word Shinto in Japanese means “the way of the gods”. This religion promotes worship of many gods. It does not believe in life after death. According to Shintoism the sun goddess was the ancestor of japans royal family.

Islam: is the religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed. • Prophet Mohammed teaches the worship in only one God or Allah.

• Islam is the 2nd largest religion in the world. Nowadays, Muslims live in every country in the world. The Muslims living in the Middle East account for one -fourth of the total followers of Islam.

Christianity: • is the religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ who was born in Betelehem, Palestine in the first century A.D.

• Christian’s believe in one God and that he crated the universe.

• Nowadays, Christians are the largest religious group in the world. Christianity is the major religion in the Europe, the Americas, and Australia. Largest number of Christians also live in Africa and Asia. 

The beginning and stages of the industrials revolution

 The industrial revolution was a change made in the process of production . It was a change from Production by machine. it was also a change from .working at home to working in a factory.

 The industrial revolution began in England in the middle of the 18th century .It started in England because it had a large amount of coal and iron. Resources. The industrial revolution had Two stages

First Stage

 During the first Stage of the industrial revolution , manual work was replaced by machines

 In this stage the major source of power was steam power which was obtained by building water withn the help of coal

 The invention of new machine also improved the production of goods .In 1764. James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny which speeded up the weaving process of textile

 In 1769 , James watt invented the improved steam engine

 Coal was used as a source of power to drive steam engine as well as for making iron.

 The introduction of steam iocomotives and steam boats improved transportation system. Second Stage  I the second stage of the industrial revolution , the source of power was changed to electricity , petroleum and atomic energy

 In 1831 Michael faraday invented the dynamo.

 His work led to the construction of electric generators and replaced steam engine

 Thre was simultaneous improvement in communication systems. For example in 1876 , alexander graham bell invented the telephone .

 In 1896 guglielmu macron invented the radio 

EFFECTs OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The industrial revolution had two major effects. first it changed the way of life society.it brought economic, social and political changes.

Second major effects were the colonization of less developed countries by the industrialized states of Europe in the second half of 19th century. This is mainly because of industrialized sate of Europe needed colonies to get row materials, use them us market for their manufactured goods and get place of settlement for their growing population.

The other major effects of industrial revolution were the emergency of new idea such as nationalism liberalism, democracy and pluralism.

 Nationalism: is patriotic feeling, love and loyalty for one’s own country.

 Liberalism: is the belief in free speech, criticism, freedom of warship and people control over the state. The idea was explained by Thon Stuart Mill (1806-73)

 Democracy: means the government of the people.it begins in ancient Greece. Abraham Lincon, who was the precedent os USA from 1880-1865,explained democracy as “governments of the people ,by the people”.

 Pluralism: pluralism in politics means the existence of multi-party political system.

The First World War

Basic causes of the First World War

 Rivalry Among Imperialist Powers Industrialized state of Europe completed raw materials, and place of settlement for their grouping population. Finally, such competition led them to conflict of interest.

 Militarism At the beginning of the 20th century, the European powers began fierce competitions in building military power.

 Military Alliance In 1879, Austria-Hungary and Germany signed a treaty of friendship known as the “Dual Alliance”. There years later. Italy joined the dual alliance to form the strong military bloc called “Triple Alliance”.

- Later it was named central powers.

- In 1907, Britain ,France and Russia formed the “Triple Entente” - the triple entente was renamed the Allied Powers

 Nationalism

Nationalism also created tensions between France and Germany. France wanted to regain its lost provinces during France-Prussian(Germany) war of 1870-71.

The course of the war

The first world war was fought in different part of the word. In Europe ,the war was fought on two fronts.

They are:

• Western front and

• Eastern fronts

The central power were situated in between the British and French force in the west and Russia in the east. According to their plan, the Germany would first attack France and then Russia.

But their plan did not work. Because the Germany reduced their troops in their troops in the western fronts and their war plan failed. (show an image of trenches dug in world war I )

In 1917, the USA joined the allied power. i.e Britain France and Russia ;this changed the military balance .finally, in November 1918, the central powers were defeated.

Consequences of the First World War

The first world war came to an end but millions of people i.e soldiers, and civilians were killed.

The war cost about 337 billion dollars

Besides these industries bridges etc. were completely wiped out.

Politically, the USA and the soviet union becomes the leading power of the world. 

The Second World War (1939 - 1945)

The Second World War was fought between two major Military blocs. They were called Allied power and axis powers. The allied power consisted of France Britain Russia and the usa Causes of the war The rise of Nazi and fascist forces was major cause of the war. This refers to Germany, Italy and japan. Since 1933.

 Germany was under the Nazi party (National socialist German workers party). Its leader was called Adolf Hitler

 The Nazi believed that the Germans were a superior race . Therefore, they wanted to rule the world Germany invasion caused the Second World War in Europe.

Italy was also under the fascist party shoes leader was Benito Mussolini.

The Italian believed that they had to build a great Italian Empire in Africa.

Japan also planned to expand the Japanese empire in Asia . Colonial rivals I Africa and Asia were other cause for conflict The outbreak of World War II

 In 1931 , japan invaded Manchuria, a northern provenance of china

 Italy also invaded Ethiopia in 1935

 On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland

 on 3 September 1939 Britannia and France declared war on Germany . Thus, the Second World War began in Europe.  Germanys invasion of Poland was the immediate cause of world warII The course of the war  In the west , the German invasion went on rapidly

 In 1940, Germany invaded France was unable to within stands German attacks and surrender.

 Encouraged by the victory in France, Hitler began aerial attacks on Britain. However, the battle of Britain was not as such easy.

 Britain emerged victorious and Germany invasion was avoided

 In December 1941, japan attacked the us novel base at Pearl harbor located on the pacific island of Hawaii.

 Then the us declared war on japan

 After the entrance of Usa on to the second world war the balance of power was changed in favor of the allied powers

 After the over throw of Mussolini in 1944 , the allied powers occupied much of Italy . In the same year France became free. on the other side , Russia also entered berlin.

 On April 30, 1945 , Adolf Hitler killed himself . a few day later , Germany surrendered and the second world war came to an end i Europe . this was followed by Japanese defeat in the far east.

 On august 6 and 9, 1945 , the usa dropped automatic bombs on the two Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively . ((2-10) second length)

This marked the end of world war in Asia.

Consequences of the Second World War The Second World War caused great destruction both in material property and human lives.

 The total destruction coast was 2000 billion dollars

 Consequently, the usa and the soviet union become the super powers.

 After world war II , by 1945 , the united nation organization was established 

African people resistance against colonial expansion

• Students, so far you have discussed the effects of the industrial revolution such as the colonization of less developed countries.

• The peoples of Africa resisted the colonial expansion in the second half of the 19th century in different part of Africa. For example: the Ashanti empire tried to defend their territory from the British and Samori Toure fought with French to protect his empire in West Africa. With this together the Maj Maj Rebellion also can be mentioned. However the major event was the Battle of Adwa.

The Battle of Adwa

• On May 2, 1889 the treaty of Wuchale was signed between Italy and Emperor Menelik ІІ of Ethiopia. • The treaty had twenty articles but article 3 and 17 are more significant.

• According to article Ш, the boundary between the Italian occupied region of Mereb Melash (Eritrea) and the rest of Ethiopia was delimited.

• But Italians were not satisfied. So additional convention was signed between Italy and Ras Mekonen, i.e (show image of Ras Mekonen)

• The agreement allowed the Italians to advance further south as far as Mereb river.

• Then, on January 1, 1890, Italy declared that all the areas north of Mereb River was part of Eritrea.

• On the other hand, Article XVІІ had two different version

• The Amharic version says that Ethiopia can use the help of Italy in her foreign relations with Europe.

• But, the Italian version states that Menelik should make all his foreign contacts through the agency of Italy.

• This version reduced Ethiopia to the level of an Italian protectorate. Then, Italy notified the European powers that Ethiopia had become her protectorate.

• In 1893, Emperor Menelik cancelled the treaty of Wuchale.

• He notified his decision to major European powers. The emperor preferred war to surrender the independence his country.

• Then Menelik marched north wards to fight the Italians at the command of 100,000 soldiers.

• On December 7, 1895, Menelik’s advancing troops crushed and Italian army at the battle of Amblage in southern Tigray.

• On March 1, 1896, the decisive battle was fought at Adwa. • The decisive battle way fought at Adwa. It lasted for a day. It was extremely bloody battle.

• Ethiopians fought the Italians with courage and unity, however, the Italians lost one third of the total number of their 20,000 troops.

• About 2000 troops became war prisoners and about 1500 were wounded.

On the other hand, Ethiopia lost about 7000 soldiers dead out of the total 100,000 troops. The war was concluded with complete Ethiopian victory. The Italians were cleared out of all Tigrai and confined themselves to their colony of Eritrea. Thus, Italy’s plan of colonizing Ethiopia was failed.

African struggle against colonial rule

• After the First World War, Africans used new forms of struggle against colonialism. There were, self-help or welfare associations such as the young Kikuyu Association in Kenya, the wafdist party in Egypt, the Neo-Datsur party in Tunisia and the African National Congress (ANC) in south Africa.

• The following map shows the European colonial powers and their colonies.

• Students in the map as we understand Britain and France were the major colonial powers in Africa.

Summary

• There are seven continents among them, Asia is the first in size then comes Africa. • There are vast numbers of languages spoken in the world. Among them, the most important are mandarin, English, French, Russian, Arabic and Spanish.

• In the world, different religions are practiced. The prominent are include Christianity, Islam, juddism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Shintoism.

• The industrial revolution began in the middle of the 18th century. During this time, manual work was replaced by machines.

• The industrial revolution had several positive consequences; it had also flared colonialism and followed by World War I and II. During this time most of Africa was under colonial rule. But, later on, Africans struggled against colonial rule. Glossary

Continent: one of the very large areas of land on the earth usually divided in to several countries.

Isthmus: a narrow piece of land that joins two large areas and has water on both sides. Latin: language of ancient Rome.

Liberalism: the belief in free speech, criticism, etc.

Linguist: person skilled in foreign languages.

Mandarin: chines language.

Peninsula: a large piece of land that is mostly surrounded by water, but joined at one end to a large area of land.

Pluralism: the existences of different political parties, religions, race, etc.

Revolution: complete change.

Steam power: power produced by boiling water 

External forces and their effects on human life Errosion - Erosion is the movement of broken rock and soil particles from one place to another by running water ,wind ,ice or sea waves .

- Running water cut valley channales in to a level surface - Over time down cutting action of water creates a network of streams and rivers that drain water from the land of stream and rivers that drain water from the land .

- Wind : blows sand and silt or loess, this is another form of erosion .

Losses materials are believed to be carried long distance, usually by wind and laid dawn as new solar sand dunes in far away places. - Sheet of ice : called glaciers plowed and scraped the landscapes of northern hemisphere.

Deposition Deposition is the final result of erosion .rocks ,sands and slit picked by water ,wind and ice are deposited in a number of ways. Effects of erosion and deposition on human life .

Effects of Erosion - Erosion is most rapid in areas where land is mis managed and where climatic conditions are extreme ,especially in places where the rain fall is seasonal and unreliable .

- When rainfall occurs as heavily thunder storms ,the soil will be washed down wards .

- This reduces cultivable land hinders agricultural production .

Finally,it leads to famine and drought .then the major outcome will be desertification .

(show an image for desertification in Africa.) - Desertification will lead displacement of people ,famine and hunger ,finally mass death of people ,and animals.

Effects of deposition In place like Sudan and Egypt, fertile soils carried by the blue Nile and white Nile from Ethiopia and some east African highland countries respectively are deposited at the bank and delta of the Nile River .

- This made life comfortable for large number of people in the middle of desert .

Internal Forces and their effects on Human life

Internal Forces:

Internal forces are sometimes called endogenic forces. They drive energy from the interior part of the earth. They form the ups and downs on the earth’s crust. These ups and downs are the results of folding, faulting, earthquake and volcanism. A. Folding

Folding occurs when rock layers are pushed by the earth movement from one or two sides.

The process of folding is the result of compressional force.

B. Faulting Faulting takes place when tectonic pressure causes rock masses to push together or pull apart. The basins occupied by the red sea, and the great “rift valleys” of East Africa are the results of Faulting. c. Volcanism

Volcanism is the process by which molten rock (magma) is forced out to the surface of the earth. Heat from the upper levels of the mantle forces its way to the surface at weak places in the earth’s crust leading to volcanism. The out pouring of this liquid (molten) rock in to the surface is called lava.

Earthquake

An earthquake is the result of the sudden release of stored energy in the earth’s crust that creates seismic waves.

Earthquakes are accordingly measured with a seismometer commonly known as seismograph. A quake measuring to 5 would be considered minor or light; 5 to 7 is moderate to strong; 7 to 8 is major and 8 is more great. At the earth’s surface, earthquakes may manifest themselves by shaking or displacement of the earth’s crust. Sometimes, they may lead to loss of life and destruction of property. 

Summary

 Erosion is the movement of broken rock from one place to another by running water, wind, ice, or ocean currents.

 Deposition is the final result of erosion, rocks, sands and lower and level destinations.

 Folding and faulting are processes that create land forms when a force inside the earth causes rock in the crust to bend (fold) and break (flat).

 Heat from the upper levels of the mantle forces its way to the surface at weak places in the earth crust landing to volcanism.

 An earthquake is the result of the sudden release of stored energy in the earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. Glossary

 Delta: - an area where a river divides into several smaller rivers that flow into the sea.

 Deposition: - the process by which layers of a substance from gradually over period of time.

 Erosion: - the process by which the surface of land rock is gradually damaged by water, wind and begins to disappear.

 Faulting: - a fault is a crack on the earth on the earth crust formed due to tensional or compressional forces.

 Folding: - occurs when rock layers are pushed by earth’s movement from one or two sides.

 Glacier: -a very large mass of ice that movies very slowly. 

The Distraction of natural resources and the Effects on the ecosystem

An Ecosystem is a natural unit in which the life cycle of plants ,animals and other organisms are linked to each other and to the non-living constituents of the Environment System .

Elements of Ecosystem and their interdependence

Elements of natural environment system are interdependent .the living things depend on the non living things.

ForEg. Plants grow on the soil.in turn plants contribute to the fertility of the soil when they die or their parts come off and full to the ground and decay and decompose due to microorganisms available in the soil.

Decay and decompose

The carnivores live on the herbivores .the herbivores live on plants and plants depend on soil.

(Draw and show the following illustration) Thus ,in the ecosystem there is interdependence among the elements Distraction (degradation) of Natural resources

Natural resources refers to the whole element of the environment. Some resources are directly available for use.

For Eg : Air ,water ,soil and plants .

-The Distraction of one type of natural resource means the distraction of the others .because elements of the natural environment are interdependent.

For Eg: when the forest cover is decrease at fastest rate because of deforestation the land will be exposed to all sorts of agents of erosion and results the soil degradation .

This would result in several impacts , Such as Shortage of food crop, lack of potable water ,disappearance of wild animals and so on.

To protect natural resources from distraction sustainable use of resource is better solution .

Sustainable use of resource : is an activity ,which does not damage natural resources imparably and which leaves the environment in good order for future .

Population of water and air and possible solutionsand In their attempt to industrialize ,many countries of the world initially paid little attention to the negative effect of the air and water pollution would have upon their environment s.

- Water resources and the atmosphere in particular ,become severely polluted .this led to serious human health problem and adversely affected the habitat of plant and wild life .

Farming Fertilizer and pesticides on farm lands are washed through the soil by heavy rain fall and make their way in to rivers ,lakes and eventually ,the sea. Phosphates and nitrates encourage the growth of alga and other water plant which use up oxygen and may leave insufficient oxygen for fish to survive .

Domestic swage and rubbish : Untreated sewage in rural areas escape in to the sea .this results increase in ammonia and nitrate in water and reduce oxygen and animal life .

Some urban centers burn rubbish but this adds to air pollution by creating smoke.

Industry Industry also dump its waste in to water bodies or release in to air .

This reduce life of plants and animals which have direct distraction on environment .

Power station Thermal power stations ejects hot water in to rivers and sea ,raise the temperature beyond that usually tolerated by plants and fish, and reduces the oxygen content .

Transportation :as road traffic increases ,eventually increases the emissions of exhausted fumes and volume of noise .

Possible solutions - Governments should produce standards of for the quality of their environment .these standards are to control the level of water ,air and soil pollution.

- Governments have to take steps to deduce chemical emission to bodies of water and to surrounding air .

- Government should adopt a policy to reduce waste materials .

Causes and effects of global warming

The Green House Effect • The earth is warmed during the day by in coming radiation from the earth. The earth loses its heat at night throughout going infra-red radiation.

• Over long period of time, because there is a balance between incoming and outgoing radiation, the earth’s temperatures remain constant.

• The gases in the atmosphere also act as a blanket for the earth as they prevent the escape of infra-red radiation to earth’s surface and they re-radiated out the heat into the space at night.

• Certain gases in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases which include carbon dioxide (CO2).

• The earth’s average temperature would be 33oc colder than it is today.

• Recent human activity has led to significant increase in the amount, and type of greenhouse in the atmosphere.

• These smokes provide different greenhouse gases in type and in amount, so they are preventing heat from escaping into space and it is believed to be responsible for a rise in world temperatures. This effect is called the greenhouse effect.

• So students in the above illustration you have understood that the major reason to global warming is the surplus availability of certain gases in the atmosphere.

These gases are:

1. Carbon dioxide: it is produced by road vehicles by burning fossil fuels in power stations, in factories and homes.

Developed countries are responsible for producing this gas.

 A secondary source of carbon dioxide is deforestation and the burning of the tropical rain forest.

2. CFC5 (chloro fluoro carbon): is used in the manufacturing of refrigerators. It is released from refrigerators and is the most damaging of the greenhouse. 3. Methane: is released from decaying organic matter such us waste dumps, animals dung and farms.

Effects of global warming

The rise of sea temperature

Scientists are suggesting that as air temperatures increase sea temperatures will also rise. As the sea gets warmer it will expand causing level to rise between 0.25 and 1.5 meters.

Melting of Ice Caps

The rise of sea level

When ice caps especially in polar areas melt the world’s sea level will rise by 5 meters.

Flooding

Flood is a body of water which rises to over flow land. The major causes flood includes:

• The rise of the sea level

• Excessive amount of rain water

• Coastal flooding caused by waves and storms.

(Show an image for flooding)

Depletion of ozone layer

Ozone is one form of oxygen gas. The major concentration of ozone is in the stratosphere 25-30KM above sea level.

• It acts as a shield, protecting the earth from the damaging effects of ultra-violet radiation from the sun. However, there is a serious concern because of this shield seems to be breaking down. Each spring a hole the size of USA appears in the ozone layer over Antarctica. In 1989 a similar hole was found to have appeared over the Artic. • It is feared that if more ultra-violet radiation reaches the earth it will increase the incidence of skin cancer and inhabit the growing of crops.

• The damage is believed to be caused by humans releasing into the atmosphere a family of chemical containing chlorine, which are known as chloro floro carbons (CFC5) • Chlorine reacts with ozone and breaks down the ozone layer.

Acid rain

Acid rain was first noticed in Scandinavia in the 1950’s when large number of freshwater fish died.

• Research showed that the water in which these fish had lived contained more than the average amounts of acid. Later, it was discovered that this extra • Acid had been carried by rain; hence the term acid rain was introduced.

• The acid is formed in the air form sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide which are emitted by thermal power stations, industry and motor vehicles. • These gases are either carried by prevailing winds across seas and national store work. Frontiers to be deposited directly on to the earth’s surface (dry deposition) or they are converted into acids (sulphuric and nitric acid) which then fall to the ground in the rain form of wet (wet deposition).

The effect of acid rain

• The acidity of lakes increases large concentrations kill fish and reduce plant life.

• An increase in the acidity of soils reduces the number of crops that can be grown.

• Forests are being destroyed as important nutrients (Calcium and potassium) are washed away.

• Water supplies are more acidic and this could become a future health hazard.

• Buildings are being eroded by chemical action caused by acid rain.

Summary • Ecosystem means a community of plants and animals together with their immediate environments, including the inanimate part of the environment.

• Elements of the ecosystem are interdependent.

• The causes for air and water pollution are all the results of human activities.

• The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere prevent heat from escaping in to the space, and increase world’s temperature.

• The process by which world temperature rises is known as global warming.

• The major contributors to global warming are carbon dioxide and other pollutants released in to the atmosphere.

• The effect of global warming are:

• The melting of ice caps

• The rise of sea level and flooding • Depletion of ozone layer.

• Ozone layer acts as a shield protecting the earth from the damaging effects of ultra-violet radiation from the sun.

• Acid rain is formed in the air from sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide which are emitted by thermal power stations, industry and mother vehicles. Glossary • Acid rain: rain containing a high level of acid that can damage the environment. It is caused by pollution in the air.

• Chlorofloro carbon: a family of chemical containing chlorine.

• Desertification: the process by which land becomes too dry to be used for farming.

• Ecosystem: the plants and animals in a particular area, considered as a system with elements that depend on one another.

• Global warming: the slow increase in the temperature of the earth caused partly by the greenhouse effect, increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

• Ozone: is a kind of oxygen that exists high in the earth’s atmosphere.

Programs for partnership

The purpose and principles of the un and its satellites organization

 The united nation organization is a worldwide body founded to replace the former league of nation.

 At a meeting in San Francisco, from 25 April to 26 June 1945, representatives of 50 countries drew up the charter of the united nation.

 This charter was signed by the representatives of 51 countries including Ethiopia in June 1945.

 The united nation was formally set up on 24 October 1945.

 There are 193 member states. The republic of south Sudan became member states in July, 2011.

 According to the charter, the united nation has several purpose of which the outstanding ones including the following:

 To maintain international peace and security.

 To develop friendly relation among nation.

 To cooperate in solving economic, social, culture and humanitarian problems and to promote respect for human right and fundamental freedoms.  The guiding principle of the UN which are set in the charter are the following:

 The sovereign equality of all member nation;

 Member nation are to fulfill their obligation in good faith;

 Member states are to settle disputes by peaceful means and refrain from the threat or use of force;

 Member states are to give every assistance to the UN and refrain from giving assistance to those at war;

 The united nation is not to intervene in maters within the jurisdiction of member states.

 The headquarter of the UN is in New York, USA.

The UN has the following organs:

 The general assembly  The security council

 The secretariat  The secretariat  The economic and social council  The trusteeship council

 The international court of justice The general assembly 

Globalization

• Globalization refer to the increasing interconnections among individuals across nations and their people.

It refer to a remarkable exchange and sharing of information, culture, economic, resources and technology which leads to strong interdependence among people different nations of the world.

Economic Globalization

There are a number of institutions that promote and are themselves reflections of globalization. Some of the obvious examples are the international financial institution like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.

These organizations facilitate the development of common economic policies among many countries in the world.

Cultural Globalization

• Beside the economic dimensions of globalization, we have cultural dimension of globalization. The cultural dimension of globalization seen in the presence of western entertainment and mass media.

• This was understood at first as global domination western (American) culture. It was seen as a “cultural invasion” made at the expense of local identities.

Effect of Globalization • Situations of one country influences other countries. Under developed countries can easily be overwhelmed by developed and powerful economies and cultures. This can be seen in the overwhelming presence of developed countries’ products and cultural materials. 

Summary

• The UN was founded in 1945 to replace the League of Nations. • The purpose of the UN is

- To maintain international and security

- To develop friendly relations among nations and

- Ensuring international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.

• The UN has six Organs

• Globalization refer to the interconnections among individuals across nations and their people. It refers to an exchange and sharing of information, culture, economic resource and technology.

• As a resultant in globalization the situation in one country influences other countries. This influences could be reflected in economic, political and social activities.

Glossary

Charter: written or printed statement of rights, permission to do something. Humanitarian: person who works for the welfare of all human beings. Security: something that provides safety, freedom from danger or anxiety.

Veto power: Constitutional right to reject or forbid something.